The Oxford Dictionarys definition of a fugue is: a polyphonic composition in which a short melodic theme, the subject, is introduced by one part or voice, and successively taken up by the others and developed by their interweaving. 2 No. Episodes: Five. Starting in A minor, it moves to the Dominant Minor, E (Bars 4-5), and touches A minor (Bar 6), the Relative Major, C (Bars 7-8), the Subtonic Major, G (Bar 9), and the Subdominant Minor, D (Bars 10-11), before returning to the Tonic (Bar 12) to endwith a Half Cadence on the Dominant Major, E. Bars 17-32:Period II. Contrapunctus 11](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyiAdK0dD-w), Source: [J.S.Bach: The Art of Fugue BWV 1080 (Fretwork) XVI. However, the idea of any close relationship (let alone a reincarnation) has been challenged. Johann Ludwig Krebs zuzuschreiben? The 19th-century Bach scholar Philipp Spitta praised the fugue, particularly its modulations. But Bach would never have envisaged a public rendition of any of these fugues, much less a performance of the complete work, which in any case was unthinkable in the context of the performance practice of the time. Position and Function of If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. Published by . It is this fugue which has come down to us incomplete, and the reasons for this are disputed. Famed for its iconic opening, Bach' s Toccata and Fugue in D minor (BWV 565) is one of the most well-known pieces of organ music ever written. 20274", "Sebastian Bachs Orgelfugen fr das Pianoforte: zu 4 Hnden eingerichtet", "Bach, J.S., Sechs Preludien und Fugen fr Orgel (vierh. Like modifying a car, composers add contrast and variety to the subjects with modulation, and apply manipulation, like augmentation and retrograde, to mix things up and make their expressive statements more powerful. 1910] Topics Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750 Publisher London : E. Ashdown Collection facultyofmusic; toronto Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor Music - University of Toronto After the birth of their first child, Liszt asked his mother in 1836 for his copies of The Art of the Fugue and the Great Six. This isn't a full answer, but you might find this: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09298210802711660, sergeblanc.com/files/bach-sonatas-partitas-en.pdf, https://www.amazon.com/Bachs-Well-Tempered-Clavier-Depth-Interpretation/dp/9625800174/, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Chordal Analysis of Christian Petzold's Minuet in G (formerly attributed to J.S. Bars 1-16:Period I. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Bach "Little" Fugue in G minor BWV 578 in Synthesia with Simple Analysis 271,399 views Nov 9, 2012 2.5K Dislike Share Save Cerlancism 2.21K subscribers Played by The Synthesia. One of the more striking examples occurs near the end where a variation of the theme enters strongly in the bass voice: If one plays the chords from low-to-high, as is traditional and appropriate through most of the piece, then that voice is lost in contrast to playing the chords from high-to-low in this one section. I wrote two alternate fugue expositions for one subject does either follow good harmonic conventions? Hs. Bach: Fugue in G Minor, BWV 578 (Digitally Remastered) "Please retry" Amazon Music Unlimited: Price . It's like a 'choose your own adventure' section for the composer, where he or she can use a fragment of the subject and experiment with it by using what are called manipulations. Fv 27, 2023 . Coherence and Individuality of Each Sonata, IV. "[12], In 18951896, Max Reger made a number of arrangements of Bach's organ works, both for piano duet and for piano solo. [23][24][25] In 2018, Dean Billmeyer, from the same university and a former organ pupil of Fleischer, wrote an account on the performance tradition of Straube, accompanied by performances from Germany, including a recording of BWV 543 from the Sauer organ in the Michaeliskirche[de], Leipzig. Due to the sequential nature of the subject, the majority of the fugue is composed of sequences or cadences. Some of the features Buxtehude uses are evident in Bach's early organ fugues such because the 5 part Prelude and Fugue in A minor. It's not clear if you want only analysis of BWV 1001 Siglind Bruhn, J. S. Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier: In-depth Analysis and Interpretation. Exposition: Bars 1-8. As further evidence of the reputation of the fugue, Stinson observes that, "Schumann attended and reviewed Mendelssohn's only public performance of the movement, Liszt heard Clara play her piano transcription of it, and Clara eventually played Liszt's transcription. In the Royal Conservatory study of Theory - Level 9 and 10 Harmony and the ARCT level of Harmony in their textbooks they go into the Analysis of many of Bach's Fugues. Modulations from D minor to G minor should not be a big issue, since these keys share many common chords. Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543 is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach[1] sometime around his years as court organist to the Duke of Saxe-Weimar (17081713). Bach arranged this Vivaldi concerto as his solo organ "concerto" BWV 593, probably in 171416. The fugue theme, like that of the prelude, is composed of arpeggiated chords and downward sequences, especially in its later half. As an organist and church choirmaster, it's no surprise that most of his fugues were written for organ, harpsichord, or chorus. In each entrance of the subject and subsequent countersubjects, the composer is challenged to find new ways to develop the melodies into something fresh. [17] According to Anderson (2006a), in 1905, Reger was one of several German musicians, artists and critics surveyed by Die Musik on J.S. Contrapunctus 12, Inversus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEYZJNkYhxM). 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 14 in the first part, and 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, and 29 in the second part. Starting with the eighth fugue, new themes are introduced, but they are all in fact derived from this original theme. They can be kindred as in the Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor and the Prelude and Fugue in A Minor from the Well-Tempered Clavier, book 2, or mysteriously remote as in E-flat Minor or F-sharp Minor from book 1. A limit involving the quotient of two sums, Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. New from : Used from : MP3 Music, February 12, 2013 "Please retry" I feel like its a lifeline. by Joseph Philip Felice A Research Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts or Bach's forty-eight fugues (Das wohltemperirte clavier) by Prout, Ebenezer, 1835-1909; Prout, Louis Beethoven. Nevertheless, the pieces do amount to a fine book for learners, teaching whether or how to add pedal, use a second manual, and register according to so-called key characteristics."[2]. All Rights Reserved. Here's the playlist :)https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL613D1A6B3C4BBDF2 The four-hand arrangement of BWV 543 comes from his collection Ausgewhlte Orgelwerke, published in 1896 by Augener & Co in London and G. Schirmer in New York, contains ten pieces, with a high level of difficulty. While there, he met up with his friend Jean-Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, an organist, artist and writer. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. It is just that bit more adventurous, imaginative and tasteful than the rest. It also shows some of the most closely-knit and ingenious workmanship, perhaps, in the whole collection. [12], Already in 1836, early in his career, it is known that Liszt had developed a reverence for Bach's great "six preludes and fugues", BWV 543548, or "The Great Six" fugues as they became known in the nineteenth century. Counter-subject absent [A minor].Bars 27-28: Coda [A minor]. Publication date [pref. A further contentious issue is for what instruments Bach composed this work. The subject is usually used throughout the fugue, played consecutively in three or four different voices. Not only do the general figures on the surface support the function, the formal activities in each movement do as well. Liszt included it in his transcriptions of the "six great preludes and fugues" BWV 543548 for piano (S. 462), composed in 18391840 and published in 1852 by C. F. Fugue Definition. Episode V (Bar 23) is mainly built upon the last four notes of the Subject, and the detached figure of the Counter-subject. The Fugue is playable on the harpsichord but that does not mean it has been conceived for that instrument. This Prelude is divided into two parts of equal length, separated by the double bar, and is built mainly upon two Themes, in length a little more than a bar each, possessing strong characteristics, and written in Double Counterpoint with each other. "[1][5][6], The musicologist Peter Williams has pointed out that the catchy "lengthy sequential tail" of this fugue subject (its last 3 bars) "easily confuse[s] the ear about the beat" and is harmonically an exact "paraphrase" of the sequence in bars 6-8 of Vivaldi's double violin concerto Op. Which scores are best for those who are new to analysis? The answer is usually the same sequence of notes, but starting on a different pitch, so it sounds like this (please see the video at 03:15). After an analysis of each Sonatas formal character based on the coherent compositional scheme, a meta-analysis is possible to determine the characteristics that shape the Three Sonatas as a whole. Nothing could be simpler, and it strains credulity that Bach could erect such a monumental edifice with seemingly unpromising material. This changing of keys is called modulation. Fugue ANALYSIS: ENUNCIATION SECTION: Bars 1-3: Subject in Bass [A minor]. This Prelude is built upon the following figures (Bar 1: Theme I, Bass; Theme II, Treble), which change places with each other, at the distance of one bar, thoughout the greater part of the movement. Nevertheless, as far as Bach's music is concerned, Liszt became highly influential as a performer, transcriber and teacher. After the subject is introduced, an answer is given. Bach - Fugue No. https://www.uarts.edu/academics/compositionVideo by David Bennett Thomas http://www.davidbthomas.comPerformance by David Korevaar http://www.davidkorevaar.comRecording used with permission from David Korevaar.You might like to watch a video of a mini-lesson for the fugue I composed. Home | Terms and Conditions | Site Map | Contact Us | Privacy Policy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5wnaXkDV0k\u0026list=PLY6b4bm0QH4OWa9yHFhHLOvWm9NBofTcN\u0026index=5\u0026t=3sYou might like some of the other music theory videos I made. [8] Williams writes that the fugue "has often been likened to the keyboard fugue BWV 944 [] and claimed as some kind of version of it [but] the resemblances contours of subject and countersubject, a perpetuum mobile element, a rather free close are too slight" to support the comparisons. CopyrightTonic Chord. This is similar to a round, like 'Row, Row, Row Your Boat' or 'Frre Jacques.' Fugue Analysis- Bach Fugue in G Minor, WTC I David Bennett Thomas 19.2K subscribers Subscribe 175K views 9 years ago Study composition at The University of the Arts in Philadelphia!. The fact that the first complete performance of this work did not occur until 1922 has often been the subject of scandalised comment. Peer reviewed by MERLOT (revised after review) See Contrapuntal Compositional Techniques : The Fugue for an introduction to the fugue. Sonate pour violon n 2 en la mineur; Sonata No. Please help us to complete the musical heritage of Bach, by supporting us with a donation! [20] Straube's organ playing reflected late-romantic style: as in Reger's works, his use of the Walze and Swell roller mechanisms, pioneered by Wilhelm Sauer, permitted rapid changes of dynamics and orchestral colour. The Bach fugue in G minor is a work of great technical and musical difficulty. The fugue is in three voices, and the first voice is often doubled. bach little fugue in g minor analysis. The differences between the two versions of the prelude are discussed in Williams (2003): the earlier version is 43 bars long, while the later version is 53 bars long. An error occurred trying to load this video. The final fugue was the last he was ever to write, and also his longest. Classical Concerto Music & Form | What is a Concerto? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Many fugual devices are included in this fugue including stretto, episodes, a countersubject and three main voices. The same applies for the corresponding passages for bars 1718 in BWV 543a/1 and bars 2628 in BWV 543/1. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "The Bach Circle, Vol 1, Pedal Clavichord", "Welche unter J.S. Bachs Namen gefhrten Orgelwerke sind Johann Tobias bzw. Analysis of Bach's fugue BWV 851 in D Minor (WTC I) Jos Rodrguez Alvira The BWV 851 fugue in D minor is an excellent example of effective use of contrapuntal techniques like transformation by inversion or contrary motion, invertible counterpoint and stretti. Lesson Summary The American pianist and writer Charles Rosen has tellingly pointed out that the question of what instrument the work was composed for would not have occurred to a musician of Bachs time. Episode II (Bar 11) is built upon the last notes of the Subject, the last notes also of the Counter-subject being added to it. Even in his later years, Liszt's A minor fugue remained one of his favourites: when he was invited to play at a private evening concert, with guests of honour Prince Albert of Prussia and his wife Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Liszt's first choice was the fugue and in his letter of thanks disclosed that Clara Schumann now as matter of course played his transcription rather than her own. As usual Bach gives us almost no performance indications whatsoever, so it is each performers obligation to impart to each component of this work its own distinct character. Book 1, Fugue in d minor In Bach's time the ultimate liberation of the key of D minor from the Dorian mode was completed. Williams also cites similarities "between the subjects outline and that of the A minor Fugue BWV 559, or between the pedal figures in both Preludes' closing stages [and] in the Preludes opening [right hand] figure, in a Corrente in Vivaldis Op. As a concert pianist, however, Liszt was not drawn to the organ. It was basically the same sequence of notes each time, but in a different range. 3 No. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. As each subject and answer are introduced, the music becomes more and more involved, layering melodies that combine to create harmony. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This is constructed in its first bar from the four last notes of the Subject, which here are assigned to the Treble, the Contralto being formed from the detached figure of the Codetta, the Bass part being complementary. This might be like a change of scenery in your race. The Coda is built upon suggestions of the latter part of the Subject and Counter-subject. Joseph Philip Felice They are now believed to have been composed by one of Bach's pupils, possibly Johann Tobias Krebs or his son Johann Ludwig Krebs, or by the Bohemian composer Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer. Bach Fugue In G Minor Analysis. This is like you reaching a new section of the course while your friend in the small car, the answer, is driving the first section of the course. [7] (A similarity had been mentioned by Wolfgang Schmieder, editor of the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis.) - Books & History, Counter Catholic Reformation: Definition, Music & Timeline, Hagia Sophia: Definition, History & Architecture, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Describe the importance of the subject and answer to the composition of the fugue, Explain how Baroque composers added contrast to the subjects and applied manipulation to the fugue, Identify Johann Sebastian Bach's influence on this style of music. Source: [J.S.Bach: The Art of Fugue BWV 1080 (Fretwork) I. Contrapunctus 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZusfVyit3s), Source: [J.S.Bach: The Art of Fugue BWV 1080 (Fretwork) II. The copyist associated with C. P. E. Bach has only been identified as "Anonymous 303"; the manuscript is now housed in the Berlin State Library. [21] In the case of the fugue of BWV 543, this drew criticism, even amongst ardent supporters of Straube, when unorthodox registration resulted in a perceived sacrifice to clarity during brilliant passage work. the Fantasy and Fugue in A Minor and may be the case here too.) The traditional aspects are the semiquaver arpeggiated passage work with its "latent counterpoint" which incorporates a descending chromatic bass line. Their modulations are also very simple. A secondary source is from the copyist Johann Peter Kellner, written around 1725 and also now in the Berlin State Library. This website helped me pass! Bach's contemporary relevance (Was ist mir Johann Sebastian Bach und was bedeutet er fr unsere Zeit?); as Anderson concludes, "The brevity of Regers essay, however, does not prevent the emergence of certain themes that are developed at greater length elsewhere in his writings: the nature of progress, the illness of contemporary musical culture, German nationalism, the guilt of the critics." Baroque Suite Music: Definition, Dance & History | What is Suite Music? 1Eun-ho Kim, Form and Function in the Slow Movements of J. S. Bach's Three Sonatas for Solo Violin, BVW 1001, 1003, and 1005 (D.M.A. One of J.S. This score appears in Bach's compositions (set) Well-Tempered Clavier Book I (set) Currently Learning (set) by why was waylon jennings buried in mesa az; chop pediatric residency Laurens then writes that, "lighting a cigar that passed at moments from between his lips to his fingers, executing with his ten fingers the part written for the pedals, and indulging in other tours de force and prestidigitation, he was prodigious, incredible, fabulous, and received gratefully with enthusiasm." Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? As justification Williams describes the form of the preludes and fugues: Such modest and single-minded preludes, modest fugues with exposition, episode and final entries, a charming and coherent handling of the keys and cadences: these are closer to Fischer's idiom than to any northern repertories, and could reflect his wide and lasting influence on organists of the time. Other Sellers on Amazon. With the fugue's freedom of composition, Baroque composers were finally able to put musical creativity in the driver's seat. IJB 733 Key A minor Movements/Sections Mov'ts/Sec's . The sources for BWV 543 are summarised in the section above. (Theimmediateworking of the Themes in Double Counterpoint takes up two brs i.e.,one bar for the statements, and another to show them placed above or below each other.) For both of these chorale preludes from the Orgelbchlein, however, it is the systematic use of motifs that establish a particular musical mood. Bach - BWV 559 Prelude and fugue in A minor - YouTube In this video you can hear the Prelude and Fugue in A minor (BWV 559), one of the eight little preludes and fugues attributed to. Like a car chase, the melodies wind through twists and turns, each melody following the one before it. Later he realized that it reminded him of the theme of The Sicilian Clan, released one year earlier. The fifth, sixth and seventh fugues, all featuring prominent dotted rhythms, can be felt as, by turns, skittish, pompous and melancholy, while the 12th fugue borders on the tragic. But, there's a catch: because the subject and the countersubject are being played at the same time, they have to be written in a way that they will go together without creating musical havoc. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. It is the second prlude and fugue in the first book of The Well-Tempered Clavier, a series of 48 prludes and fugues by the composer. Although this Prelude and fugue in A minor occupies a relatively modest place in Bachs oeuvre, it really stands out in such a collection manuscript, even without Bachs name on it. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? Women also played an important role: Clara Schumann as a highly reputed pianist and fellow advocate of Bach; and Mendelssohn's accomplished sisters, Fanny and Rebecka, who played the fugue in piano arrangements either together or with their brother Felix. Then, the magic starts to happen, and we kick it up into second gear. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Your title is "Bach fugues" then your post says "THE fugue." Upon this Bass a new theme is proposed by the Treble (Bar 19) which is imitated by the Alto in the fifth below. No. New & Used (8) from $8.98 $ 8. When Bar 25 is reached, we meet with both Themes again stated in their original form, but in the very next bar they are used by Inversion. Rhythm and harmony. Thus in the third fugue he turns it upside down, that is, where the original melody descends it now ascends and vice versa. UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Music: Certificate Program, Introduction to Humanities: Help and Review, Introduction to Humanities: Certificate Program, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, Humanities 201: Critical Thinking & Analysis, General Social Science and Humanities Lessons, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, Create an account to start this course today. 1600-1750. Is there a term for the sort of analysis I am describing? The fugue has a very long and complicated subject, which is extremely difficult to follow. The fugue can be broken up into sections as follows: Bars 1-30. In fact the previous year Liszt had eloped to Geneva with Marie d'Agoult, with whom they eventually had three children. With this work, his primary purpose was to demonstrate all the myriad possibilities of fugal composition. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Bars 5-6: Codetta, modulating from A minor to C major. The other works are by composers like Pachelbel, Wecker, Zachow, Krieger and Werckmeister. So instead of text, they sometimes used a small musical idea called a subject to rev their musical engines. The sources for BWV 543a, which is presumed to be an earlier version of BWV 543 differing markedly from the prelude but identical to the fugue, originate in Leipzig. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? Counterpoint in the Baroque Period: Definition, Harmony & Examples, Decorative and Ornate Music of the Baroque Era, Counterpoint in Music: Theory & Examples | Five Species of Counterpoint. 355 lessons. If the reader has a piano at hand, I would recommend playing the passage in Example 1 out loud. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. First, the subject was presented in a high-pitched range, then in a medium-pitched range, then in a low-pitched range. His 'Little' Fugue in G minor is a popular example. To be Bachian means to be authentically German, unyielding. "a fugue in 4 parts", "a fugue in 3 voices". Prelude in Music | What is a Prelude in a Song? Bars 8-9: Episode I, modulating from A minor to C major.Bars 9-11: Subject in Bass, with Counter-subject in Treble [C major].Bars 11-13: Episode II, modulating from C major to E minor.Bars 13-15: Answer in Treble, with Counter-subject in Alto [E minor].Bars 15-17: Episode III, modulating from E minor to A minor.Bars 17-19: Subject in Alto, with Counter-subject in Bass [A minor].Bars 19-21: Episode IV, modulating from A minor to D minor.Bars 21-23: Subject in Treble, with Counter-subject in Bass [D minor].Bars 23-25: Episode V, modulating from D minor to A minor. Jos Rodrguez Alvira and Jos D. Sandn. 1 Basic Concepts Pitch Notation Octave Registers Accidentals Enharmonic Notes Practice Exercises 2 Major Scales and Key Signatures Half Steps and Whole Steps The Major Scale Major Key Signatures Practice Exercises 3 Minor Scales and Key Signatures Minor Scales Minor Key Signatures Scale Degree Names Practice Exercises 4 Basics of Rhythm In the fifth fugue, we hear it with some intervals filled in with rather jazzy, dotted rhythms. Antonio Vivaldi and Henry Purcell: Baroque Composers in Italy and England, Bach: Important Works, Organ, Fugues and Solo Works, Baroque Opera Composers: Monteverdi & Lully | Period, Characteristics & Composers. He chose the edition of Haslinger as a starting point, although probably also consulted the 1844 Peters edition. Foe example, the Treble of Bar 1 becomes the Bass of Bar 2 and vice versa. The other movements surround the Fuga functionally: the first movement as a prelude, the third as a tension-reliever, and the fourth as a brilliant finale. Does anyone have any sources I could use to talk about who influenced Bach? This Johann Christoph probably used the piece in his own lessons. In 1998 Harald Vogel recorded the collection on a pedal clavichord.[6][7]. The order in which the voices enter in the Exposition is unusual, as the Subject and Answer do not regularly alternate, but follow one another in the order: Subject, Answer, Answer, Subject. The Music of J. S. Bach - David Schulenberg 1999-01-01 This volume contains contributions by nine scholars on two broad themes: the analysis of Johann Sebastian Bach . "[15][16] In 1905 Reger became the regular piano partner of Philipp Wolfrum, director of music at Heidelberg University and author of a two-volume monograph on Bach. He initially was there for 13 years. Right from the start it is clear that this is an early Bach. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855 - AnalysisSupport my channel through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/pocomusicBeing a Patron will make you entitled . The material for them all is drawn from three sources, (1) the last four notes of the Subject, (2) the early part of the Counter-subject, and (3) the detached demisemiquaver (thirty-second note) figure of the Codetta. Remarkably, however, Bach was not paid for any of the above works, and indeed barely made any profit by personally financing the publication of four of them. "[35][36], Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion, "Preludes and Fugues (Praeludia) BWV 531552", "Johann Sebastian Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Johann Jacob Froberger: The Dissemination of Froberger's Contrapuntal Works in Late Eighteenth-Century Berlin", International Music Score Library Project, "Johann Sebastian Bach, Prludium und Fuge, A-Moll", "Nunc Dimmitis, obituary of Heinrich Fleischer", "Sebastian Bachs Orgelfugen fr das Pianoforte: zu 4 Hnden eingerichtet, A-Wn Mus. Each part/voices enters in imitation of each other. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,500 academics and researchers from 4,573 institutions. Episode IV (Bar 19) is formed in the Bass upon the last figure of the Counter-subject. I highly recommend you use this site! BWV 1003 I-Catalogue Number I-Cat. This writer, however, prefers to play one of the many attempted completions, in this case that by the renowned British harpsichordist Davitt Moroney. Gerhard Weinberger, Carl Christian Hoffmann Organ, St. Marien, This page was last edited on 26 March 2022, at 17:52. The entrances continue until all voices have added their own touch to the subject. Williams has suggested that "perhaps the imaginative penultimate bar was inspired by J. S. Bach". However, to assert that it is playable on the harpsichord is very different from saying that it was conceived for that instrument. His 'Little' Fugue in G minor is a popular example. Unlike most of Bach's minor-key keyboard works, it ends on a minor chord rather than a picardy third. In Alessandro De Rosa's 2019 book, Ennio Morricone: in his own words, Morricone described the main musical theme for the 1970 film Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion as an "ambiguous tango."